diff --git a/easytier/src/gateway/socks5.rs b/easytier/src/gateway/socks5.rs
index 82ead977..2614f046 100644
--- a/easytier/src/gateway/socks5.rs
+++ b/easytier/src/gateway/socks5.rs
@@ -363,7 +363,10 @@ impl Socks5ServerNet {
             let mut smoltcp_stack_receiver = packet_recv.lock().await;
             while let Some(packet) = smoltcp_stack_receiver.recv().await {
                 tracing::trace!(?packet, "receive from peer send to smoltcp packet");
-                if let Err(e) = stack_sink.send(Ok(packet.payload().to_vec())).await {
+                if let Err(e) = stack_sink
+                    .send(Ok(bytes::BytesMut::from(packet.payload())))
+                    .await
+                {
                     tracing::error!("send to smoltcp stack failed: {:?}", e);
                 }
             }
@@ -377,10 +380,7 @@ impl Socks5ServerNet {
                     "receive from smoltcp stack and send to peer mgr packet, len = {}",
                     data.len()
                 );
-                let packet = ZCPacket::new_from_buf(
-                    bytes::BytesMut::from(bytes::Bytes::from(data)),
-                    ZCPacketType::NIC,
-                );
+                let packet = ZCPacket::new_from_buf(data, ZCPacketType::NIC);
                 let Some(ipv4) = Ipv4Packet::new(packet.payload()) else {
                     tracing::error!(
                         payload_len = packet.payload_len(),
diff --git a/easytier/src/gateway/tcp_proxy.rs b/easytier/src/gateway/tcp_proxy.rs
index 69de208a..dfff31ff 100644
--- a/easytier/src/gateway/tcp_proxy.rs
+++ b/easytier/src/gateway/tcp_proxy.rs
@@ -563,7 +563,10 @@ impl<C: NatDstConnector> TcpProxy<C> {
             self.tasks.lock().unwrap().spawn(async move {
                 while let Some(packet) = smoltcp_stack_receiver.recv().await {
                     tracing::trace!(?packet, "receive from peer send to smoltcp packet");
-                    if let Err(e) = stack_sink.send(Ok(packet.payload().to_vec())).await {
+                    if let Err(e) = stack_sink
+                        .send(Ok(bytes::BytesMut::from(packet.payload())))
+                        .await
+                    {
                         tracing::error!("send to smoltcp stack failed: {:?}", e);
                     }
                 }
@@ -577,10 +580,7 @@ impl<C: NatDstConnector> TcpProxy<C> {
                         ?data,
                         "receive from smoltcp stack and send to peer mgr packet"
                     );
-                    let packet = ZCPacket::new_from_buf(
-                        bytes::BytesMut::from(bytes::Bytes::from(data)),
-                        ZCPacketType::NIC,
-                    );
+                    let packet = ZCPacket::new_from_buf(data, ZCPacketType::NIC);
                     let Some(ipv4) = Ipv4Packet::new(packet.payload()) else {
                         tracing::error!(
                             payload_len = packet.payload_len(),
diff --git a/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/channel_device.rs b/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/channel_device.rs
index b643bc49..58f116a4 100644
--- a/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/channel_device.rs
+++ b/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/channel_device.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use bytes::BytesMut;
 use futures::{Sink, Stream};
 use smoltcp::phy::DeviceCapabilities;
 use std::{
@@ -12,15 +13,15 @@ use super::device::AsyncDevice;
 
 /// A device that send and receive packets using a channel.
 pub struct ChannelDevice {
-    recv: Receiver<io::Result<Vec<u8>>>,
-    send: PollSender<Vec<u8>>,
+    recv: Receiver<io::Result<BytesMut>>,
+    send: PollSender<BytesMut>,
     caps: DeviceCapabilities,
 }
 
 pub type ChannelDeviceNewRet = (
     ChannelDevice,
-    Sender<io::Result<Vec<u8>>>,
-    Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+    Sender<io::Result<BytesMut>>,
+    Receiver<BytesMut>,
 );
 
 impl ChannelDevice {
@@ -43,25 +44,25 @@ impl ChannelDevice {
 }
 
 impl Stream for ChannelDevice {
-    type Item = io::Result<Vec<u8>>;
+    type Item = io::Result<BytesMut>;
 
     fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
         self.recv.poll_recv(cx)
     }
 }
 
-fn map_err(e: PollSendError<Vec<u8>>) -> io::Error {
+fn map_err(e: PollSendError<BytesMut>) -> io::Error {
     io::Error::other(e)
 }
 
-impl Sink<Vec<u8>> for ChannelDevice {
+impl Sink<BytesMut> for ChannelDevice {
     type Error = io::Error;
 
     fn poll_ready(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
         self.send.poll_reserve(cx).map_err(map_err)
     }
 
-    fn start_send(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, item: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+    fn start_send(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, item: BytesMut) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
         self.send.send_item(item).map_err(map_err)
     }
 
diff --git a/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/device.rs b/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/device.rs
index f701ec65..51fcaa9f 100644
--- a/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/device.rs
+++ b/easytier/src/gateway/tokio_smoltcp/device.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use bytes::BytesMut;
 use futures::{Sink, Stream};
 pub use smoltcp::phy::DeviceCapabilities;
 use smoltcp::{
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ use std::{collections::VecDeque, io};
 pub const DEFAULT_MAX_BURST_SIZE: usize = 100;
 
 /// A packet used in `AsyncDevice`.
-pub type Packet = Vec<u8>;
+pub type Packet = BytesMut;
 
 /// A device that send and receive packets asynchronously.
 pub trait AsyncDevice:
@@ -42,13 +43,11 @@ pub struct BufferDevice {
 pub struct BufferRxToken(Packet);
 
 impl RxToken for BufferRxToken {
-    fn consume<R, F>(mut self, f: F) -> R
+    fn consume<R, F>(self, f: F) -> R
     where
         F: FnOnce(&[u8]) -> R,
     {
-        let p = &mut self.0;
-
-        f(p)
+        f(&self.0[..])
     }
 }
 
@@ -61,7 +60,8 @@ impl<'d> TxToken for BufferTxToken<'d> {
         F: FnOnce(&mut [u8]) -> R,
     {
         let tx_headroom = self.0.tx_headroom;
-        let mut buffer = vec![0u8; tx_headroom + len];
+        let mut buffer = BytesMut::with_capacity(tx_headroom + len);
+        buffer.resize(tx_headroom + len, 0);
         let result = f(&mut buffer[tx_headroom..]);
 
         self.0.send_queue.push_back(buffer);